1 John 4:20

Authorized King James Version

If a man say, I love God, and hateth his brother, he is a liar: for he that loveth not his brother whom he hath seen, how can he love God whom he hath not seen?

Word-by-Word Analysis
#1
ἐάν
If
a conditional particle; in case that, provided, etc.; often used in connection with other particles to denote indefiniteness or uncertainty
#2
τις
a man
some or any person or object
#3
εἴπῃ
say
to speak or say (by word or writing)
#4
Ὅτι
demonstrative, that (sometimes redundant); causative, because
#5
ἀγαπᾶν
G25
I love
to love (in a social or moral sense)
#6
τὸν
the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)
#7
Θεὸν
God
a deity, especially (with g3588) the supreme divinity; figuratively, a magistrate; exceedingly (by hebraism)
#8
καὶ
and
and, also, even, so then, too, etc.; often used in connection (or composition) with other particles or small words
#9
τὸν
the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)
#10
ἀδελφὸν
G80
brother
a brother (literally or figuratively) near or remote (much like g0001)
#11
αὐτοῦ
the reflexive pronoun self, used (alone or in the comparative g1438) of the third person, and (with the proper personal pronoun) of the other persons
#12
μισῇ
hateth
to detest (especially to persecute); by extension, to love less
#13
ψεύστης
a liar
a falsifier
#14
ἐστίν·
he is
he (she or it) is; also (with neuter plural) they are
#15
the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)
#16
γὰρ
for
properly, assigning a reason (used in argument, explanation or intensification; often with other particles)
#17
μὴ
not
(adverb) not, (conjunction) lest; also (as an interrogative implying a negative answer (whereas g3756 expects an affirmative one)) whether
#18
ἀγαπᾶν
G25
I love
to love (in a social or moral sense)
#19
τὸν
the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)
#20
ἀδελφὸν
G80
brother
a brother (literally or figuratively) near or remote (much like g0001)
#21
αὐτοῦ
the reflexive pronoun self, used (alone or in the comparative g1438) of the third person, and (with the proper personal pronoun) of the other persons
#22
ὃν
whom
the relatively (sometimes demonstrative) pronoun, who, which, what, that
#23
ἑώρακεν
he hath
by extension, to attend to; by hebraism, to experience; passively, to appear
#24
τὸν
the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)
#25
Θεὸν
God
a deity, especially (with g3588) the supreme divinity; figuratively, a magistrate; exceedingly (by hebraism)
#26
ὃν
whom
the relatively (sometimes demonstrative) pronoun, who, which, what, that
#27
οὐχ
not
the absolute negative (compare g3361) adverb; no or not
#28
ἑώρακεν
he hath
by extension, to attend to; by hebraism, to experience; passively, to appear
#29
πῶς
how
an interrogative particle of manner; in what way? (sometimes the question is indirect, how?); also as exclamation, how much!
#30
δύναται
can
to be able or possible
#31
ἀγαπᾶν
G25
I love
to love (in a social or moral sense)

Analysis

The salvation theme here intersects with the metanarrative of redemption running from Genesis to Revelation. Biblical theology recognizes this as part of a unified storyline from the promise in Genesis 3:15 to its fulfillment in Christ. The phrase emphasizing love fundamental to theology proper, revealing God's essential nature and character and connects to the broader scriptural witness about God's saving work from the Exodus to the cross.

Historical Context

This passage must be understood within the political and social structures of the biblical period. The author writes to address believers seeking to understand God's will and purposes, making the emphasis on salvation particularly relevant. Historical documents from this period show patron-client relationships and family loyalty concepts, illuminating the verse's original impact.

Questions for Reflection

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